The second semester (and first year) of my five-year university education is over: four more years to go. I'm very happy. I'm still motivated and I'm still liking it a lot, even though it's hard. The results for this semester are as follows (in ascending order): I got a D in physics (which I'm not at all happy with), a B in mathematics (which I'm thrilled by), and an A in programming (when I got that result, I didn't believe my own eyes and had to triple-check).
2019
A follow-up to the previous post, in this post I want to write about the experiment we did at the hotel in Switzerland (at \(430m\) above sea level), and then at the top of Aiguille du Midi in France (at \(3777m\)). The experiment involved a pretty big piece of styrofoam. The reason for choosing this as our material, you might have guessed, is because styrofoam has a very low density. That is, its volume is very big while its mass is very low. Now, the question is this: Will it weigh more, less, or the same at both altitudes?
If you want to ponder this yourself, don't read on! Explanation and solution follow.
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You might be thinking that it will weigh less because it is farther from the Earth, and that would be true if gravity was the only force acting on the object, but there's also buoyancy to consider. The density of the air is significantly less at those altitudes than at around sea level (walking up a single flight of stairs can make you short-winded), while the difference in gravity you feel on your body is not at all noticeable. So imagine that the piece of styrofoam is floating on water. The reason it floats is because the water is pretty dense. Now, as the density of the water is reduced, the piece of styrofoam will sink more and more, and when the density is as low as the air at sea level, it will have "sunk" a bit more. Now, imagine reducing the density even more, to the density level at the top of, say, Aiguille du Midi. The styrofoam will "sink" more into the atmoshpere, thus registering a higher weight on a scale! Presumably. If the force of buoyancy more than cancels out the effect of the reduced gravity. And will this be measurable?
In fact, we measured the piece of styrofoam at the hotel to be \(0.381kg\), and at the top to be \(0.388kg\)!
A quick look at some numbers will give you an intuitive understanding of why this might be. Rounding off a bit, an object weighing 1kg at \(430m\) above sea level will accelerate towards the Earth at \(9.819m/s^2\) (ignoring every other force). At \(3777m\) above sea level, the acceleration will be \(9.809m/s^2\). Not a big difference! In contrast, air density at \(430m\) above sea level is around \(1.17kg/m^3\), while at \(3777m\) it's around \(0.84kg/m^3\)! A marked difference, and, as it turned out, enough to more than cancel out the effect of a lesser gravitational pull.
For these values of air density, I simply pulled them from The Engineering ToolBox's page about U.S. Standard Atmosphere, plonked them into GeoGebra, ran a 9th degree polynomial regression analysis on them, got a function expression (just a bunch of polynomials with really, really, really small coefficients), and did \(f(430)\) and \(f(3777)\).
\(f(x) = 0x^9 + 0x^8 + 0x^7 \\ + 0x^6 + 0x^5 + 0x^4 \\- 0.000000000000307x^3 \\+ 0.000000005452006x^2 \\- 0.000118741904987x \\+ 1.223868489811585\)
I am nothing if not thorough! Look at that expression! I have GeoGebra set to display the maximum amount of decimal places, 15, which isn't enough! Ridiculous...
For the values of acceleration, I did a bit of calculating. (Note: For all these calculations I always round off to 3 decimal places.) I used Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, \(F = G \frac{m_1m_2}{r^2}\), where \(G\) is the gravitational constant (valued at \(6.67408 \cdot 10^{−11}m^{3}kg^{-1}s^{-2}\); see Wikipedia), \(m_1\) is the mass of the smaller object (valued arbitrarily at \(1kg\) for ease of calculation), \(m_2\) is the mass of the larger object (the Earth, valued at \(5.97237 \cdot 10^{24}kg\), see Wikipedia under Mass), and \(r\) is the radius between the centers of mass of the two objects. For the radius of the Earth, I used the mean radius as given on Wikipedia, \(6371km = 6.371 \cdot 10^6m\) (everything in SI units, always, no exceptions). And at \(430m\) above sea level, the distance \(r\) between the two centers of mass is \((6.371 \cdot 10^6 + 430)m = 6.37143 \cdot 10^6m\). Of course, the center of mass of the styrofoam is a few centimeters inside it, but at these scales it hardly matters (and besides, we're only ball-parking it with these values, anyway). So then, calculating the \(F\) (force of gravity, in this case), yields about \(9.819N\) (you can plug the values in yourself), and since \(F = ma \Leftrightarrow a = \frac{F}{m}\), and here is why I chose \(1kg\) for the mass of the smaller object. \(a = \frac{9.819N}{1kg} = 9.819m/s^2\).
A similar calculation for the top of the mountain, except this time the distance \(r\) between the two objects will be slightly larger: \((6.371 \cdot 10^6 + 3777)m = 6.374777 \cdot 10{6}m\). Again for ease of calculation, we ignore all other forces and assume the weight is still \(1kg\). This time \(F = 9.809N\), and by the same logic, \(a = 9.809m/s^2\).
See, I know how to show my work!
In other good news, since the beginning of February I've been working part time for Ent3r Realfagstrening, going to three different schools on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays, helping younger students with math and physics homework! It's very fun, and it's excellent training for me. Between my own school work and my part time job, I feel massively busy, but not so busy that I can't crank out an update now and again.
So I took a trip to the site of the world's largest particle accelerator at CERN. What about it?
Well, it was pretty amazing, is what's about it! My physics class went together with a bunch of students from the local upper secondary school. The purpose of the visit, apart from CERN, was to do some physics experiments first at the hotel we were staying (at 430m above sea level), and then almost at the peak of Aiguille du Midi, at 3777m. The point of the various experiments was to test the effects that lower air density has on weight and sound. But first, CERN!
(This post is heavy on pictures; click on an image to get a bigger version.)
In front of the reception. Here is a souvenir shop and a museum called Microcosmos, and here we were welcomed and had about an hour of information and questions from the audience.
The floor of the reception area is amazing.
In front of the Antimatter Factory. Yes, it's exactly as it says on the can: They manufacture antimatter in there.
Inside the Antimatter Factory is ELENA (Extra Low Energy Antiproton), a decelerator for antiprotons, making them easier to trap.
After that we were taken to the Data Centre, to a small museum there overlooking the server farm. I took a lot of pictures, but these two are my prize ones. This is me in front of one of the computers that none other than Tim Berners-Lee used to develop HTTP and HTML, so you can imagine my child-like joy in taking these two pictures! (The guide jokingly suggested I lick the mouse. I jokingly pretended to consider it!)
Next we were taken inside ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment), one out of four points on the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) ring where the particles actually collide. I was really hoping we would be able to visit the inside of the LHC tunnel itself, but alas, the guide told me security had been tightened in the last few years, and even if he could, he wouldn't be able to open up the door leading to it. So, the next best thing...
... was to take my picture next to it. Right behind those doors lies the tunnel which houses the world's largest particle accelerator, measuring 27 km in circumference! So close...
And for the last volley of pictures, here are a bunch of photos I took of a sculpture called Wandering the Immesurable:
Last, but not least, my good friend Even visited me this past weekend, and we had a blast! We also decided to do a synchronous update of our respective web sites, but I was a bit late. But out of pure whimsy we decided to take a picture of each other from our phones at the exact same time (see his post for my picture):
There are 3 posts for 2019.